The development of Forest reference Emission Level (FREL) is obligatory for the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). As Indonesia ranks among the world’s top holders of high-carbon reservoirs in wetland ecosystems, including peatlands and mangroves, there are a number of under-represented sources and sinks that need to be included for the improvement of existing FREL and national MRV systems. Emissions from peatland fires, which accounted for 27% of national emissions in 2014, emissions of non-CO2 from drained peatlands, and oxidation of excavated mangrove soil are among components to be factored in.
