Climate change and biodiversity in the Philippines: potential impacts and adaptation strategies

141 Climate Change and Biodiversity in the Philippines Florencia B. Pulhin and Rodel D. Lasco 8 Climate Change and Biodiversity in the Philippines: Potential Impacts and Adaptation Strategies THE PHILIPPINES AND CLIMATE CHANGE Physical and Ecological Features The Philippines is an archipelagic country composed of 7107 islands. It generally lies between 116° 40' and 126° 34' E longitude and 4° 40' and 21° 10' N latitude. It is bounded on the southwest by Borneo on the north by Taiwan on the south by Moluccas and Sulawesi and on the east by Palau. The Philippines covers a total of 30 M ha which is almost equally divided between forest lands (15.9 M ha) and alienable and disposable (A&D) lands (14.1 M ha). Of the classified forest lands 7.2 M ha are forests 4 M ha are open forests 2.6 M ha are closed forests 0.3 M ha are plantations and 0.2 M ha are mangroves. In terms of soil types there are 11 general categories based on the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (UN FAO) classification. The categories are: cambisols gleysols fluvisols arenosols regosols luvisols acrisols andosols phaeozems nitisols and kastanozems. Acrisols and cambisols are the most common types of soil present in many areas of the country as they cover 12 M ha and 8 M ha respectively. Topography is varied in the Philippines. The highest point is in Mt. Apo with an elevation of 2954 m asl. Lowlands are located in Cagayan Reproduced from Moving Forward: Southeast Asian Perspectives on Climate Change and Biodiversity edited by Percy E. Sajise Mariliza V. Ticsay and Gil C. Saguiguit Jr. (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 2010). This version was obtained electronically direct from the publisher on condition that copyright is not infringed.No part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior permission of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Individual articles are available at 142 Florencia B. Pulhin and Rodel D. Lasco Valley and the central plains of Luzon Cotabato the Davao-Agusan valleys and in Negros and Panay. Based on rainfall distribution there are four types of climate existing in the Philippines: Type I Type II Type III and Type IV. Climatic Type I is characterized by two pronounced seasons (dry and wet). Climatic Type II has no dry season but has a very pronounced rainfall from November to January. Climatic Type III is somehow in between Climatic Types I and II but is more similar to the Type I climate. It has a relatively short dry season which lasts for one to three months only. In Type IV climate rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year. In general the Philippines is characterised by high temperatures because of its tropical location and surrounding bodies of water. The average annual temperature in the Philippines is around 26.6 0 C with a mean maximum temperature of 28 0 C and a mean minimum temperature of 25.80 C. Rainfall distribution in the Philippines varies from one region to another. The mean annual rainfall range is from 965 mm to 4064 mm. Relative humidity in the country is very high even going as high as 85 per cent during September. Despite the very small land area the Philippines has a high population. As of 2000 total population was pegged at 76.5 M at a population density of 255/km2 . During 1990-2000 the annual population growth rate is at 2.34 per cent. Observed Climate Trends Variability and Extreme Events Similar to the trend observed in the global mean temperature the mean annual temperature in the Philippines also increases over time. From 1951 to 2006 records showed that warming occurred in the country (Figure 8.1). In terms of rainfall a generally increasing trend on annual rainfall amounts and number of rainy days during the wettest and driest years per decade was observed (Perez 2007). Likewise the occurrence of ENSO events was observed to become more frequent since 1980. For instance from 1982 onwards strong El Niño events occurred every five years (1982-1983 1987-1988 1992-1993 19971998

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