s:3217:"%T Opportunities for linking adaptation and mitigation in agroforestry systems 
%A Verchot, L.V. 
%A Mackensen, J. 
%A Kandji, S.T. 
%A Tomich, T.P. 
%A Ong, C.K. 
%A Albrecht, A. 
%A Bantilan, C.C. 
%A Anupama, K.V. 
%A Palm, C.A. 
%A Van, Noordwijk.M. 
%X There  is  increasing  acceptance  that  even  very  ambitious  climate  change mitigation  measures  which  would  go  beyond  the  current  international climate  agreements  would  not  be  sufficiently  effective  to  halt  the  increase of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations in the medium term and that therefore adaptation measures are as needed as mitigation measures. The impact of climate change will be affecting developing countries more severely  than  developed  countries  not  the  least  because  of  their  generally low adaptive capacities (IPCC 2003). In these countries the agricultural sector will be among the most vulnerable putting rural populations at large risks. At the same time we recognise that climate change is yet an additional threat to urgent rural development demands including food security improvement poverty reduction and provision of an adequate standard of living for growing populations.  Much  effort  will  be  needed  to  integrate  what  is  known  about climate  change  response  measures  into  national  development  planning (Abeygunawardena et al . 2003). Within  the  UN  Framework  Convention  on  Climate  Change  (UNFCCC) negotiation process the development of mitigation and adaptation activities has  been  dealt  with  largely  as  separate  matters  (see  Forner  this  volume). Carbon sequestration through land use land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) as a measure for mitigating climate change has been a very contentious issue during recent international climate negotiations. However agreements have been  made  on  the  modalities  and  procedures  for  LULUCF  climate  projects which offer inter alia opportunities for agroforestry activities under the Clean Development  Mechanism  (CDM).  Adaptation  on  the  other  side  was  only recently  given  more  recognition  as  an  important  and  self-standing  topic  as expressed for instance in the ‘Delhi Ministerial Declaration on Climate Change and Sustainable Development’ of UNFCCC COP-8 in 2002. The  discussion  on  the  potential  synergies  between  adaptation  and mitigation measures is therefore just only starting and the debate is all too often for political reasons reduced to a discussion of the costs of global adaptation versus  global  mitigation.  A  practical  understanding  of  the  link  between adaptation and mitigation measures particular in LULUCF does not yet exist. However research in the agricultural sector has focused for some decades now  on  the  need  to  cope  with  adverse  and  irregular  climatic  conditions including  rainfall  variability  or  shifting  weather  patterns  in  particular  in  the world’s  arid  and  semi-arid  areas.  Equally  years  of  agricultural  research  have focused on improving the productivity of agricultural systems leading to the understanding that increasing for instance soil carbon stocks is essential for an enhanced productivity. 
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