CIFOR–ICRAF publishes over 750 publications every year on agroforestry, forests and climate change, landscape restoration, rights, forest policy and much more – in multiple languages.

CIFOR–ICRAF addresses local challenges and opportunities while providing solutions to global problems for forests, landscapes, people and the planet.

We deliver actionable evidence and solutions to transform how land is used and how food is produced: conserving and restoring ecosystems, responding to the global climate, malnutrition, biodiversity and desertification crises. In short, improving people’s lives.

Comparing tools to predict REDD+ conservation costs to Amazon smallholders

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Payments for environmental services (PES) are compensating landowners or resource stewards for safeguarding ecosys-tem externalities not accounted for in the marketplace (Ferraro and Kiss, 2002; Wunder, 2007; Engel et al., 2008). PES couldbecome an important tool for forest-based climate change mitigation under REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestationand forest Degradation including conservation, sustainable forest management and enhancement of forest carbon stocks) (Wunder 2009), and be a quick way to reduce carbon emissions (Stern, 2007; Angelsen, 2008).

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2017.02.002
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