s:1308:"%T Rewarding upland farmers for environmental services: experience, constraints and potential in Vietnam 
%A The B D 
%A Ha D T 
%A Chnih N Q 
%X A number of existing ‘environmental service reward’ schemes are currently operating on the basis of general i mpressions of the importance of environmental services, instead of being based on the causal chain between land use, environmental services and impacts on external stakeholders. Such schemes often prescribe various land use systems for which the subsidy sc hemes apply, use public funding for these subsidies, and try to ‘sell’ the idea to the general public. The net impact of most current reward schemes on livelihood security of the upland poor, according to many opinions, is less than the 0 point depicted in Figure 1. The questions are (1) how can we increase strongly positive (+++) impacts for many of the upland poor And (2) where should we start with the most likely ‘winners’ Although decisions involved in such ‘environmental service reward’ schemes refl ect a political process involving various pressure groups and compromises, general trends towards transparency in public debate put limits on how far one can move away from schemes which achieve actual impacts that can be monitored by all stakeholders concerned. 
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