s:1925:"TI Replenishing soil fertility in Africa: Proceedings of an International Symposium by Division A-6 (International Agronomy) and S-4 (Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition), and ICRAF, held at Indianapolis, Indiana 6 November 1996 
AU Buresh R J 
AU Sanchez P A J 
AU Calhoun F 
AB Soil-fertility depletion in smallholder farms is the fundamental biophysical root cause for declining per capita food production in sub-Saharan Africa. An average of 660 kg N ha-1, 75 kg P ha-1, and 450 kg K ha-1 has been lost during the last 30 yr from about 200 million ha of cultivated land in 37 African countries. We propose an alternative approach, the replenishment of soil fertility as an investment in natural resource capital. This approach combines basic principles of soil science with environmental economics. Combinations of P fertilizers and organic inputs can replenish soil N and P nutrient stocks in Africa and restore service flows to near original levels. Phosphorus replenishment strategies are mainly mineral-fertilizer based, with biological supplementation. Nitrogen replenishment strategies are mainly biologically based with mineral-fertilizer supplemen-tation. Africa has ample phosphate rock (PR) deposits that can be either used directly or processed to reverse P depletion. Decomposing organic inputs may facilitate the use of PR in P-depleted soils. Leguminous tree fallows and herbaceous cover crops grown in situ play a major role in N capture and internal cycling in ways compatible with farmer con-straints. Soil-fertility replenishment was found profitable in three case studies, but small-holder farmers lack the capital and access to credit to make the initial investment. A cost-shared initial capital investment to purchase P fertilizer and germplasm for growth of organic inputs combined with effective microcredit for recurring costs such as fertilizers and hybrid seed is seen as the way forward. 
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