The study was conducted at the Ngoc Phai Commune, Cho Don District, Bac Kan Province, Vietnam. The aimed to determine land-use changes (LUCs) and their driving forces for the last 15 years (1990-2005) of Doi Moi (renovation) era in the mountainous region of northern Vietnam. The proximate (direct) driving forces of land-use change include wood extraction and slash-and-burn, shift in agricultural expansion, cattle ranching, demographic factors, biological factors (soil degradation) and physical factors (slope, elevation and distance from location of LUCs to the main road). In contrast, the underlying (indirect) driving forces of LUCs were Land Allocation Program 1992-1997, Five Million-Hectare Forest Restoration Program 1998-2010, Land Law 1993, Market-driven and Financial Aids in Forest Development. During the first period (1990-1998), the implementation of the forest allocation program became in allocated forest areas. Unfortunately, high rate of forest disturbance happened in the unallocated areas. During second period (1998-2005), after implementation of the land allocation program, market-driven and technological change created different effects on both gain of forest area and loss of forest areas. This period marked a strong economic transformation on agricultural production activities (shift in agricultural sector) and supports from government's program. However, the forest protection and management seemed to be less effective compared to the first period, during land allocation implementation.
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