The Chinese government is currently implementing its Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP), the world’slargest Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) program.Few studies have comprehensively assessed both its environ-mental and its social outcomes; in particular, issues of effec-tiveness, efficiency and social fairness are rarely addressed in the literature. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, this re-search presents extensive field evidence of the effects of the SLCP. It also reveals the gap between the policy’s objectives and the actual results of implementation. Less marginal land included, poor tree species selection and undifferentiated household selection for participation have limited the positive outcomes of the SLCP. We argue that the state-led PES pro-gram’s bureaucratic modality and top-down implementation neglects local participation and pro-poor considerations. A more decentralized approach with more local participation isan important requirement in policy development and imple-mentation for PES programs.
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