CIFOR–ICRAF publishes over 750 publications every year on agroforestry, forests and climate change, landscape restoration, rights, forest policy and much more – in multiple languages.

CIFOR–ICRAF addresses local challenges and opportunities while providing solutions to global problems for forests, landscapes, people and the planet.

We deliver actionable evidence and solutions to transform how land is used and how food is produced: conserving and restoring ecosystems, responding to the global climate, malnutrition, biodiversity and desertification crises. In short, improving people’s lives.

Tradeoffs or synergies: agricultural intensification, economic development and the environment

Export citation

There is no broad-based empirical study that has been carried out to identify, systematically and quantitatively, the factors affecting the use of land for forests, agroforests or cropland. The use and allocations of land use is governed by property right institutions and land tenure systems. A study was carried out in seven countries with a view of identifying the causes of choices of land tenure institutions and their consequences for the use and management of land trees. This chapter summarizes the major findings of this study which was conducted in Indonesia, Vietnam, Nepal, Japan, Ghana, Uganda and Malawi. The issues addressed in this project (deforestation, communal property, commercial tree planting, and annual crop farming) and how land tenure affects them are discussed

Related publications