CIFOR–ICRAF publishes over 750 publications every year on agroforestry, forests and climate change, landscape restoration, rights, forest policy and much more – in multiple languages.

CIFOR–ICRAF addresses local challenges and opportunities while providing solutions to global problems for forests, landscapes, people and the planet.

We deliver actionable evidence and solutions to transform how land is used and how food is produced: conserving and restoring ecosystems, responding to the global climate, malnutrition, biodiversity and desertification crises. In short, improving people’s lives.

The implications of urbanization for atmospheric emissions at multiple levels

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Urbanization has been fundamental to the economic and social transformation of Southeast Asia (Marcotullio 2003). It has greatly expanded the opportunities for people to pursue education for their children, develop their entrepreneurial skills and find better paying work.

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