Strategy for value creation: Intermediaries of smallholding teak in lndonesia

Commercially traded smallholder timber, particularly teak, in developing countries have been challenged with the unremitting problem of low returns (Carsan and Holding 2006, Midgley et a1 2007, Aoudji et a1 2012, Sabastian et a1 2012, Rohadi et a1 2012). For Indonesian smallholder teak, it is due to low tree quality standards (Roshetko 2012)) unfavourable policies (Rohadi et al 2012)) lacking accessible market information, weak bargaining power, and high transaction costs (Midgley et a1 2007, Perdana et al 2012). In Indonesia, most teak plantations are on Java, where the largest grower, Perum Perhutani, a state-owned forest enterprise, manages 2,442,101 ha of teak plantation (Perhutani 2010). In addition to Perum Perhutani, there are approximately 1.2 million ha of smallholders' plantations in lndonesia that primarily produce teak (Nawir et al. 2007). Smallholding plantations rarely use improved germplasm or benefit from silvicultural management such as fertilizer application, weeding, thinning and pruning. Smallholders' teak is different from long-rotation industrial plantations that benefit from professional management, smallholders' logs are shorter, have smaller diameter, less clear wood, more knots, and obtain lower prices (Roshetko and Manurung 2009). Despite these shortcomings, smallholding teak plantations are an important source of wood for many teak manufacturers and retailers in Indonesia.

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