Indigenous Makassarese and Bugis ethnic groups.- Annual cropping on degraded lands. In the 1980s hybrid maize was introduced as a cash crop, leading to forest and tree garden conversion. Incomes are low.- Agroforestry systems. In the 1990s coffee, cacao and cloves were introduced. Rubber was recently introduced. Incomes double of thosein annual cropping areas.- Timber-based agroforestry systems. Timber based systems; also coconut, coffee, clove, and mixed tree systems. Many local men workoverseas. Incomes in these areas are higher than the other two typologies.
Publication year
2013
Authors
Language
English
Geographic
Indonesia
