As discussed in volume 1 (van Noordwijk et al 2011), rewards for the continued or enhanced provision of environmental services are an attempt to close the loop and link the concerns of stakeholders who are external to decision making about land use in a certain landscape to those that make the decisions. ‘Payments for ecosystem (or environmental) services’ (PES) (Swallow et al 2010, Namirembe et al 2014) have been broadly defined as a conditional instrument where environmental stewards are given incentives to maintain or improve the flow of environmental services by those who benefit from these flows. We have identified three main paradigms within this concept: 1) commoditization (also termed commodification); 2) compensation; and 3) co-investment, which use the acronyms CES, COS and CIS (van Noordwijk and Leimona 2010).
Publication year
2013
Authors
Leimona, B.; Namirembe S; Minang, P.A.; van Noordwijk, M.
Language
English
Keywords
stakeholders, environmental services, livelihoods, oil palm
Geographic
Indonesia
