• Widespread expansion of oil palm plantations by independent growers, coupled with the emergence of new private actors (operating within a land area of a couple of hundred hectares) are clearly contributing to transboundary environmental problems.• Spontaneous frontier development has extended beyond the Indonesian government’s control, and in many cases these areas are being unsustainably managed, infringing the principles of environmental conservation.• Field observations revealed that oil palm expansion by independent players, including smallholders, involves massive land transfer. Local communities play an important role facilitating the expansion of oil palm plantations in these areas• From the State’s perspective, independent oil palm growers, who are mostly excluded in the official data, should be seen as major actors in landscape management.
Publication year
2014
Authors
Budidarsono S; Sirait M T; Pradhan U
Language
English
Keywords
palm oil, food
Geographic
Indonesia
