Inclusive business models (IBM) connect smallholders and other low-income people with buyers, processors and traders in agricultural and forest product value chains. Value chain actors engage with each other through diverse institutional arrangements, including international (e.g. UN Global Compact, zero deforestation) and industry standards (e.g. Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil, Cocoa and Forests Initiative), certifications (e.g. fair trade, organic), and contract farming.
Publication year
2021
Authors
Stoian, D.; Foundjem-Tita, D.; Kikulwe, E.
Language
English
Keywords
business models, cocoa, oil palms, sustainable development
Geographic
Ghana, Peru
