s:1290:"TI Monitoring for performance-based PES: contract compliance, learning and trust building 
AU van Noordwijk, M. 
AU Namirembe, S. 
AU Leimona, B. 
AB An important part of PES contracts is the clarity that is needed on how ‘performance’ will be monitored and assessed. With preceding chapters providing a typology of ES and guidance on how to quantify services of various types, how to value them economically and how to assess tradeoffs, this chapter is focused on the monitoring of actual performance and ES change. It starts by acknowledging that change in actual ES is not easy to quantify in space and time as it is part of wider patterns of change. It is certainly not easy to attribute any change in ES to specific actions of contract partners, without consideration of alternative explanations. Ecosystem services are produced in landscapes as social-ecological systems that are subject to constant change with multiple learning loops for multiple actors, independent of each other or partly aligned. ES enhancement will nearly always include efforts to get the various stakeholders more aligned, and monitoring of progress will require such ‘process’ aspects, as well as actual changes in the landscape, ecosystem structure and function, and the services it provides. 
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