CIFOR–ICRAF publishes over 750 publications every year on agroforestry, forests and climate change, landscape restoration, rights, forest policy and much more – in multiple languages.

CIFOR–ICRAF addresses local challenges and opportunities while providing solutions to global problems for forests, landscapes, people and the planet.

We deliver actionable evidence and solutions to transform how land is used and how food is produced: conserving and restoring ecosystems, responding to the global climate, malnutrition, biodiversity and desertification crises. In short, improving people’s lives.

Quantifying and valuing ecosystem services

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Ecosystem Services (ES) depend on natural capital in interaction with human and social capitals1. Natural capital, including vegetation and belowground biodiversity supporting soil formation and nutrient enrichment, is important for producing the supporting, regulatory and provisioning services used by humans for economic, social and cultural benefits.

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