Flexibility of multi-agent system models for rubber agroforest landscapes and social response to emerging reward mechanisms for ecosystem services in Sumatra, Indonesia

Payments for ecosystem services (PES) have been widely recognized as an innovative management approach to address both environment conservation and human welfare while serving as a policy instrument to deal with the ecosystem service (ES) trade-offs resulting from land-use/ cover change (LUCC). However, there is no solid understanding of how PES could affect the synergies and trade-offs among ES. This research focuses on the LUCC and its inherent ES trade-offs in the context of social-ecological systems (SES) that incorporates key feedbacks and processes, and explores the possible impacts of management regimes, i.e., PES schemes (e.g., eco-certification and reduced emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD)). To address the complexity of this research, a multi-agent simulation (MAS) model (LB-LUDAS - Lubuk Beringin - Land Use DynAmics Simulator) was applied in which process-based decision-making sub-models were incorporated in the decisionmaking mechanism of agents. The model was developed to explore policy scenarios by quantifying the potential ES trade-offs resulting from the agents’ land-use choices and preferences. It was first implemented for the rubber agroforest landscape in Jambi Province (Sumatra), Indonesia. Species richness, carbon sequestration, opportunity costs, and decision processes such as PES adoption and future land-use preferences submodels were incorporated to capture as much as possible the real SES of a rubber agroforest landscape. Three scenarios were simulated over a 20-year period, namely the PES scenario, the scenario land-use preference if supported by financial assistance/subsidies (SUB), and the current trend as the baseline scenario.

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