Towards Productive Landscapes

Beginning in the mid-2000s the ecosystem service (ES) framework developed by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ” and a performance-based incentive mechanism for climate-change mitigation through REDD+ gained immediate and widespread acceptance. Payment for Environmental Services (PES) or, more generally, Rewards for Ecosystem Services (RES) is becoming increasingly popular in Asia (van Noordwijk and Leimona 2010). They complement rule-based initiatives (for example, land tenure systems and land-use planning) and economic instruments (for example, taxes and subsidies) in achieving conservation and development objectives.