Developing countries have expressed their strong commitments to Just transition (JT) to mitigate and adapt to climate change, build a circular economy, respond to biodiversity loss, and ensure “no one is left behind”. While JT has been articulated in global and national policies, less is known about how JT is being interpreted and translated into policies and practice, how can it be measured and who actually benefit from it. This section aims to unpack the unclarity of JT in forestry, agroforestry and associated bioenergy sector, how JT can support smallholders and how CIFOR-ICRAF research can strengthen practical and equitable implementation of JT.