The purpose of this study was to improve understanding of the key factors that drive the adoption of tree-based systems (TBS) at scale in Rwanda in order to increase the effectiveness of agroforestry interventions designed to help poor rural farmers enhance their food, income, and energy security. The study assessed differences between and within six land use systems across Rwanda, with a mix of survey, mapping, and focus group methodologies. It also proposed an improved pathway for increased adoption at scale of tree-based systems.