Rice-fish farming provides socioeconomic and environmental benefits in Bac Kan province, Vietnam. It increases food security and livelihoods through higher fish yields and income. Rice-fish also improves soil fertility and provides pest control with less need for fertilizers and pesticides. However, there are some risks from extreme weather and potential over-fertilization. Households practicing rice-fish tend to be more food self-sufficient despite smaller land areas. However, national policies promoting hybrid rice and food security could reduce rice-fish. The system would benefit from further research on adaptation and environmental impacts for payments for ecosystem services.
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