As soon as it has been introduced, at the turn of the century in Sumatra and West Kalimantan (Indonesia), rubber has been a major deforestation agent (2.5 millions hectares in 1998), mostly smallholdings (83% of the total rubber area). However, these rubber low input complex agroforestry systems, "jungle rubber", may be considered as agents of reforestation as there are currently the main reservoir of biodiversity in regions where forest has almost disappeared, The "jungle rubber" helped reversing the idea of a tree-crop being a pure deforestation agent. Since the 1980s, governemental projects have introduced technical change and "modern agriculture" based on clonal material through monocropping systems. Although the main target was to increase the Indonesian supply of rubber, the theory claiming that technological progress in agriculture reduced pressure on forests may have helped to promote these monoculture systems. However, some contraints limit the development of the monoculture system : shortage of labour, lack of information, nonavailability of improved planting material as well as lack of credit, in particular when projects stop their activities due to governemental disengagement. If the conditions of a pioneer phase are gathered (abundance of land, reservoir of labour, a crop opportunity and an attractive sustainable market), it is true that technological progress is likely to increase deforestation and traditionnal land-use. Technological progress may reduce the pressure on forest only when the pioneering effect is already slowing down. The rubber showcase helps to demonstrate it. One major technological progress is the recent use of herbicides to control Imperata cylindrica on degraded lands. Many rubber farmers reintroduce also agroforestry practices in former monoculture plots or develop their own systems when not under influence of extension. In that case, technological progress clearly seems to encourage reforestation through the development of agroforestry systems. The paper will mention recent CIRAD/ICRAF research with on-farm trials based on the idea to merge two technical progresses : clonal material and Agroforestry techniques. Its impact on the deforestation/reforestation process and its environmental contribution is also explored
CIFOR-ICRAF s’attaque aux défis et aux opportunités locales tout en apportant des solutions aux problèmes mondiaux concernant les forêts, les paysages, les populations et la planète.
Nous fournissons des preuves et des solutions concrètes pour transformer l’utilisation des terres et la production alimentaire : conserver et restaurer les écosystèmes, répondre aux crises mondiales du climat, de la malnutrition, de la biodiversité et de la désertification. En bref, nous améliorons la vie des populations.
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CIFOR-ICRAF publie chaque année plus de 750 publications sur l’agroforesterie, les forêts et le changement climatique, la restauration des paysages, les droits, la politique forestière et bien d’autres sujets encore, et ce dans plusieurs langues. .
CIFOR-ICRAF a un impact fondé sur la science. Nous menons des recherches innovantes, renforçons les capacités de nos partenaires et engageons activement le dialogue avec toutes les parties prenantes, en apportant les dernières connaissances sur les forêts, les arbres, les paysages et les populations à la prise de décision au niveau mondial.
CIFOR-ICRAF s’attaque aux défis et aux opportunités locales tout en apportant des solutions aux problèmes mondiaux concernant les forêts, les paysages, les populations et la planète.
Nous fournissons des preuves et des solutions concrètes pour transformer l’utilisation des terres et la production alimentaire : conserver et restaurer les écosystèmes, répondre aux crises mondiales du climat, de la malnutrition, de la biodiversité et de la désertification. En bref, nous améliorons la vie des populations.
CIFOR–ICRAF achieves science-driven impact. We conduct innovative research, strengthen partners’ capacity and actively engage in dialogue with all stakeholders, bringing the latest insights on forests, trees, landscapes and people to global decision making.
CIFOR–ICRAF publishes over 750 publications every year on agroforestry, forests and climate change, landscape restoration, rights, forest policy and much more – in multiple languages.
CIFOR–ICRAF addresses local challenges and opportunities while providing solutions to global problems for forests, landscapes, people and the planet.
We deliver actionable evidence and solutions to transform how land is used and how food is produced: conserving and restoring ecosystems, responding to the global climate, malnutrition, biodiversity and desertification crises. In short, improving people’s lives.
