This paper examines the institutional economics of sustainable land management for smallholder farmers in eastern Africa. It analyzes the relationship between poverty, energy use, and natural resource degradation using a case study from Vihiga District, Kenya. The study develops a household energy poverty line and uses an econometric model to evaluate how different factors influence whether households fall above or below this line. Overall, the research aims to further understanding of the linkages between poverty, environment, and sustainable land management in smallholder agricultural systems.
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