1. The document analyzes smallholder timber farming systems (STS) in West Java, Indonesia. STS account for over 50% of land in Ciamis Regency and contribute significantly to the local economy. 2. The study finds correlations between levels of timber extraction and household income/land size. Poorer households with smaller land sizes practice selective cutting and harvest trees for immediate income needs, while better-off households clear cut and reinvest profits. 3. The study concludes that land ownership and off-farm income determine the economic yield from forests. Small land sizes and low incomes limit poorer households' forest management practices and ability to sustainably utilize forest assets.
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